Overview
HOW TO USE THIS TUTORIAL AND A SYNOPSIS OF THE PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING.
Introduction: Theoretical and Technical Perspectives of Remote Sensing; Special Applications
Principles of Remote Sensing: The Photon and Radiometric Parameters / Optional Reading: The Quantum Physics underlying Remote Sensing; Use of Spectroscopy in Determining Quantum Levels / Transmittance, Absorptance, and Reflectance / The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Distribution of Radiant Energies / Spectral Signatures
Sensor Technology; Types of Resolution
History of Remote Sensing; Remote Sensing Systems:
In the Beginning; Launch Vehicles / Table: History of Remote Sensing into the 1970s/ Multispectral Images / Film as a Recording Medium / Color & False Color Composites / Apollo 9 Multispectral Images / Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) / Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) / A Landsat Image / MSS Histograms / Table: Best MSS Bands for Identifying Surface Features / Thematic Mapper (TM) / Examples of TM Imagery / Other Remote Sensing Systems: MOMS and SPOT / Envisat, IRS-1, JERS, RESURS, OKEAN, CBERS, and MicroSat (AlSat-1) Series / Hyperspectral Imaging / Radar and Thermal Systems /Meteorological, Oceanographic, and Earth Systems Satellites / The Systems (Multisource) Approach to Remote Sensing / Humans in Space: Long Term Mobile and Fixed Stations (Salut; Soyuz; Skylab; Apollo-Soyuz; Space Shuttle (STS); MIR; International Space Station / Military Intelligence Satellites / The Commercialization of Space / Geophysical Remote Sensing: External Fields; Magnetics / Geophysical Remote Sensing: Gravity / Geophysical Remote Sensing: Crustal Dynamics; Seismology / Medical Applications of Remote Sensing
Section 1: Image Processing and Interpretation – Morro Bay, California as the Test Image
- Morro Bay, California in context; TM Band 3 Image of Morro Bay / Ground and Aerial Photographs of Morro Bay area / Thematic Mapper Bands / Analysis of the Morro Bay Scene / Mystery Feature / Band Information Characteristics / False Color View / The Mystery Feature up Close / True Color View / Other Color Combos / Prelude to Computer Processing; Preprocessing / Contrast Stretching and Density Slicing / Spatial Filtering / Principal Components Analysis /Ratioing / Unsupervised Classification / Supervised Classification / Minimum Distance Classification / Maximum Likelihood Classification / EXAM
Section 2: Geologic Applications I – Stratigraphy & Structure
- General Background / Some General Concepts underlying the Science of Geology / Using Landsat for Geological Studies / Geologic Map of Waterpocket Fold /Specialized Images of Waterpocket Fold / Maximum Likelihood Classification of the Waterpocket Fold / Geologic Folds in General / Recognition of Faults / Joints and Lineaments / Several Case Studies of Fracture Analysis
Section 3: Vegetation Applications – Agriculture, Forestry, and Ecology
- General Principles for Recognizing Vegetation / The SPOT Satellite; Kenya & Rift Valley of Africa / South West Kansas, U.S.A. and Morocco / The Vegetation Index: Africa and other Scenes / Forest Applications; Amazon Rain Forests; Deforestation / A Case Study: Monitoring Diseased Pines / Ecological Damage: Natural and Manmade: Non-geological Events / Ecological Damage: Natural Geological Events / A Case Study: the Everglades Ecosystem
Section 4: Urban and Land Use Applications
- Los Angeles, San Diego, Tucson, Las Vegas, and Mexico City / New York, Miami, Atlanta, New Orleans, Dallas-Fort Worth, St.Louis, and Honolulu / The U.S. Capital: Washington D.C.; Baltimore, MD; Philadelphia, PA / Buenos Aires; Paris, France; Munich, Germany; Budapest, Hungary; Florence, Italy; Riyahd, Saudia Arabia; Beijing and Shanghai; China; Some Historical ERTS Curiosities / Archaeological Studies
Section 5: Geologic Applications II – Mineral & Petroleum Exploration
- Geological Setting at White Mountain, Utah / Ratio, PCA & Maximum Likelihood Analysis of the Utah Site / The Goldfield, Nevada Study / Finding Oil & Gas in Oklahoma
Section 6: Space Flight Across the U.S – Boston to Denver to San Francisco; Landsat Tours the World
- The U.S. Flight: General Background / The Atlantic States / Pennsylvania, and the Appalachians / Chicago, Illinois and the Midwest / The Great Plains / Denver, Colorado, and the Rocky Mountains / Four Corners – Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah / Nevada and the Basin and Range / The Far West: San Francisco Bay Area, California; the West Coast; Alaska; Hawaii / GEOGRAPHY QUIZ GAME / Canada / The Caribbean; Central and South America / Europe /Africa and the Middle East / Asia / Australia and New Zealand
Section 7: Regional Studies – Use of Mosaics from Landsat
- How Mosaics are Made / Photographic, MSS, and DEM Mosaics of parts of the Western U.S. / MSS Mosaic of the U.S.A., Alaska, Mexico; International Mosaics
Section 8: Radar and Microwave Remote Sensing
- Radar Defined / How RADAR works / Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Nigeria/Cameroon / Foreshortening and Layover; Effect of Illumination Direction /Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Polarization; Radar Penetration / Seasat Images / SIR-A, -B, and -C on the Space Shuttle; TOPEX/Poseidon; Radarsat, ERS, ALMAZ, and JERS / Passive Microwave; Lidar
Section 9: The Warm Earth – Thermal Remote Sensing
- Planck Blackbody Law / The Wien Displacement Law and Emissivity Effects / Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Inertia Defined / Diurnal Heating Effects / Thermal Properties of Water; Thermal Sensors / White Mountain Thermal Features; Lakes Erie/Ontario TM Band 6 / Death Valley TM Data; Mauna Loa, Hawaii, TIMS Data / The Heat Capacity Mission; Weather Satellites / Thermography; Night Vision
Section 10: Aerial Photography as Primary & Ancillary Data Sources
Section 11: The Earth’s Surface in 3D – Stereo Systems and Topographic Mapping
- Ways to Characterize the Earth’s Surface in Maps / The Display of Contours / Seeing in Stereo / Additional Examples of Stereo from Space / Measuring Heights from Individual and Paired Images / Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and Viewing Modes / The GPS System / Altimetry / Radar Stereo/Interferometry / Stereo Pairs from Space / The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
Section 12: The Human Remote Senser in Space – Astronaut Photography
Guest Writer: Dr. Paul D. Lowman Jr.
- Mercury and Gemini / Apollo Photography / Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz / Shuttle Photography; Kosmos / A Gallery of Photos from Space
Section 13: Collecting Data at the Surface – Ground Truth; The “Multi” Concept; Hyperspectral Imaging Spectroscopy
- Rationale for Surface Observations / Training Sites; Mixed Pixels / Accuracy Assessment / Field Instruments and Measurements; Data Collection Platforms / The “Multi” Concept: Multiplatforms and Multilevels / Multisensors/ Multitemporal Coverage; Kuwait Study/ The “Multi” Concept: A Case Study of Mt. Etna in Sicily/Hyperspectral Imaging Spectroscopy /Principles of Spectroscopy / Absorption Processes / Factors that Modify or “Confound” Spectral Curves; Data Analysis /AVIRIS and other Imaging Spectrometers / Examples of Imaging Spectrometer Products; Multisensor Analysis
Section 14: The Water Planet – Meteorological, Oceanographic and Hydrologic Applications of Remote Sensing
- Hydrologic Cycle; Meteorological Satellites (General) / Meteorology – Weather and Climate: A Primer / Metsat Instrumentation: AVHRR / Atmospheric Sounders; Classes of Metsats / TIROS and Nimbus / ESSA, DMSP, SSM/I, TRMM / NOAA Series / Geostationary Satellites; GOES; Insat, Meteosat; GMS / International Meteorological Satellites / / ERBS, UARS; ADEOS / Hurricane Andrew; 1993 Storm of the Century; Hurricanes and Tornadoes; Lightning / Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma / Oceanographic Observations; El Niño / Seasat; TOPEX-Poseidon; NSCAT; SeaWinds / CZCS; SeaWiFS / Ice Monitoring / Hydrologic Applications: Drought, Snow Cover; Flooding / Hydrologic Applications: Mapping Floods
Section 15: Geographic Information Systems – The GIS Approach to Decision Making
Maps and Attributes / Data Elements and Models / GIS Defined / A GIS Case Study in Africa / Decision Making; Suitability Determination / Conducting a GIS Analysis / The PP&L Siting Problem / A GIS/Remote Sensing Case Study in Archaeology: Burgundy, France / Using GIS to Study a Rare Flower Habitat on Block Island, Rhode Island
Section 16: Earth Systems Science – Earth Science Enterprise and the EOS Program
Guest Writer: Dr. Mitchell K. Hobish
- Overview of ESE and EOS; Global Changes / Possible Degradation of the Earth’s Atmosphere / Earth System Science / Earth System Cycles / National and International Programs / Mission to Planet Earth / EOS Platforms/Sensors; Mission Profiles / Data Handling: EOSDIS / Terra is Now Operational; MODIS and MISR / Terra is Now Operational: ASTER, MOPITT, and CERES / Aqua is Now Operational; Envisat / Satellite Formation Flying; NPOESS / Background Readings
Section 17: Use of Remote Sensing in Basic Science Studies I – Mega-Geomorphology
MegaGeomorphology Defined; Geomorphic Maps / “Geomorphology from Space” / Tectonic/Volcanic Landforms / Fluvial/Deltaic/Coastal Landforms /Karst/Lacustrine/Aeolian/Glacial Landforms / Terranes as Terrains: The Klamath, Oregon Study / The Klamaths from Space / Klamath Terranes in TM Imagery; Ridges and Elevations / Geomorphic Parameters from Klamath Maps / Summary of the Klamath Terrane Project
Section 18: Basic Science II: Impact Cratering
Distribution of Craters / Cratering Mechanics / Shock Metamorphism / Crater Morphology; Major Impact Structures / / Petrography of the Manson Crater /Remote Sensing of Craters
Section 19: The Solar System and Planetary Exploration
- Remote Sensing Techniques applied to Planetary bodies / Intoduction to Planetary Bodies; Solar System Parameters; History of Planetary Exploration; Meteorites / Earth as a Planet / Pre-Apollo Exploration of the Moon / Early Spacecraft Visits to the Moon / Unmanned Lunar Landers; Lunar Stratigraphy / The Apollo Program – Man on the Moon / Apollo Instrument Experiments / Post-Apollo Lunar Exploration / Mercury and Venus / The Magellan Mission / Mars; The Red Planet / Stratigraphy and Physiography of Mars; The Martian Atmosphere; Ice at the Poles / Martian Landscapes: Linear Features, Volcanoes, and Impact Craters; Exotic Terrains; / Life on Mars; Resumption of Martian Exploration; / Martian Missions in the Third Millenium; MERS; Phoenix; Future Plans for Mars; The Martian Satellites / Overview of the Outer Planets / Jupiter / The Galilean Satellites / Saturn and Its Moons / The Cassini-Huygens Mission /Uranus, Neptune and Their Satellites; the Pluto Dwarfs / Asteroids and Comets / Comet Shoemaker-Levy / The Deep Impact Mission
Section 20: Astronomy and Cosmology: The Description, Origin, and Development of the Universe
Preface (including a review of Relativity and Quantum Physics) / Origin and Early Development of the Universe; Big Bang Eras; Expansion of Space / The Hubble Space Telescope; Birth, Life, and Death of Stars / The Genesis Mission / The Nature and Evolution of Galaxies / Images of Galaxies and Stars outside the Visible Light Range. / Special Features of Galaxies: Colliding Galaxies; Galactic Gases; Starbursts and Active Galactic Nucleus / Novae and Supernovae; Pulsars, Quasars, and Black Holes; Gamma Ray Bursts; and Colliding Stars / Spectral Analysis of Star Composition; Element Synthesis in Stars / Space-Time and Expansion / Evidence for the Big Bang; the Redshift; Galactic Distances; Age of the Universe; Cosmic Background Radiation; Expansion Models; Dark Matter and Energy / Recent Innovations about the Concept of “Universe”: Dark Energy and an Accelerating Universe?; Varieties of Universes (Multiverses) / Origin of Planetary Systems / Life in the Universe: I. A background in Biology / Life in the Universe: II. Origin and History of Life on Earth / Some Philisophical Implications concerning the Cause and Purpose of the Universe
Section 21: Remote Sensing into the 21st Century
Guest Writer: William E. Stoney
- Outlook for the Future; FINAL EXAM / Exam Questions / Exam Answers
Appendix A: Modern History of Space
Guest Writer: J. Rosalanka
The 1970′s
Introduction / American Space Policy / American Civilian Space Program (NASA) / American Military Space Program: Initial Military Operations /Russian Space Program / European, Asian, and Commercial Space Programs
The 1980′s
Introduction / American Space Policy / American Civilian Space Program (NASA) / American Military Space Program: Initial Military Operations /Russian Space Program / European, Asian, and Commercial Space Programs
The 1990′s
Introduction & American Space Policy/ American Civilian Space Program (NASA) / American Military Space Program: Initial Military Operations /Russian Space Program / European, Asian, and Commercial Space Programs
Appendix B: Interactive Image Processing
This Appendix is now defunct and the PIT program has been removed; see this page for an explanation.
Appendix C: Principal Components Analysis
Guest Writer: Dr. Jon W Robinson
Introduction / Linear Combinations / Singular Matrices / Space / Standardizing Sets
